Ottoman Modernization
The Place and Importance of the Ottoman Empire in World History
Explore the place of the Ottoman Empire in world history through politics, war, trade, law, urban life, culture and modernisation.
The Place and Importance of the Ottoman Empire in World History →
Key Differences Between the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks
Why are the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks so often confused? Their periods, leading figures, methods, ideas and contributions to the 1876 and 1908 constitutions compared.
Key Differences Between the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks →
The Young Ottomans and Namık Kemal: What Was the Powerful Voice of Liberty?
Discover how Namık Kemal transformed the Young Ottomans' ideas of liberty, homeland, and the press into a powerful public language.
The Young Ottomans and Namık Kemal: What Was the Powerful Voice of Liberty? →
What Did the Young Ottomans Want? The Roots of the Idea of Liberty
What did the Young Ottomans want? Their demands for liberty, a constitution and a parliament, the newspapers Muhbir and Hürriyet, and the road to the 1876 Kanun-ı Esasi.
What Did the Young Ottomans Want? The Roots of the Idea of Liberty →
Who Were the Young Ottomans? Traces of the Secret Society
Who were the Young Ottomans? The secret society founded in 1865, Namık Kemal, Ziya Pasha, Ali Suavi and Mustafa Fazıl Pasha, the newspapers of Paris and London, and the road to the constitution of 1876.
Who Were the Young Ottomans? Traces of the Secret Society →
The Reign of Abdulhamid II: Despotism or Modernization in Reality?
The reign of Abdulhamid II is examined in historical balance through debates over despotism and reforms in education, telegraphy, railways, and diplomacy.
The Reign of Abdulhamid II: Despotism or Modernization in Reality? →
What Was the Tanzimat Edict? The Beginning of Change in the Ottoman Empire
What was the Tanzimat Edict? The Edict of Gülhane, read out on 3 November 1839: the crisis behind it, its provisions, the debate over who prepared it, its implementation and its consequences.
What Was the Tanzimat Edict? The Beginning of Change in the Ottoman Empire →
Why Was the Janissary Corps Abolished? Behind the Auspicious Incident
Explore the abolition of the Janissary Corps, the causes of the Auspicious Incident, Mahmud II's reforms, and the transformation of the Ottoman army.
Why Was the Janissary Corps Abolished? Behind the Auspicious Incident →
How Did the Nizam-i Cedid Launch a Great Transformation in the Ottoman Army?
How did the Nizam-i Cedid launch a great transformation in the Ottoman army? Selim III’s 1792–1807 reform: how the new army was formed and funded, who opposed it and how the Kabakçı Revolt ended it.
How Did the Nizam-i Cedid Launch a Great Transformation in the Ottoman Army? →
Why Did the Printing Press Come Late to the Ottoman Empire? The Real Reasons
Did the printing press really come late to the Ottoman Empire? Istanbul’s first presses from 1493, İbrahim Müteferrika’s press of 1727, the alleged religious ban and the real reasons for the delay.
Why Did the Printing Press Come Late to the Ottoman Empire? The Real Reasons →
