What were the reasons for the opening of the Caucasian Front? The Russian attack, Germany’s war plan, the lost provinces of Kars, Ardahan and Batum, Turanism, and the disaster at Sarıkamış.

Which places were conquered by Osman Bey, and in what order? From the Kulaca raid and Karacahisar to Bilecik, the victory at Koyunhisar (Bapheus) and the siege of Bursa.

Who were the dome viziers, why did they make decisions in front of a latticed window in the Imperial Council, and why did their number rise to nine? The rise and decline of the institution.

The most influential development in the decline of the Silk and Spice Roads was the Geographical Discoveries. How did the Ottomans respond, and when did the decline become final?

What titles did rulers use in pre-Islamic Turkic states? Tanhu, kagan, khan, yabgu and tegin explained state by state, together with the idea of kut and the dual organization.

What did the Göktürk flag really look like? Chinese sources describe a wolf-headed banner planted before the khagan’s tent; today’s blue grey-wolf flag is a modern design.

Why did the transition to multi-party life in Turkey fail twice? The Progressive and Free Republican parties, the Sheikh Said rebellion and the road from 1946 to the 1950 elections.

Are zodiac signs according to ancient Egyptian mythology real? Sirius and the Nile, the 36 decans, the origin of the zodiac, Babylonian astrology and the Ottoman chief astrologer.

When did Prophet David live and how long did he reign? The periods in the Torah, Prophet Solomon’s accession and the archaeological evidence examined together, with sources.

What did the Maya believe the world looked like? The four-cornered world on a crocodile’s back, thirteen layers of heaven, Xibalba, the ceiba tree, the Popol Vuh and the Maya calendar.